Grapes Of Wrath Stereo Typing Essay Example For Students

Grapes Of Wrath Stereo Typing Essay Generalizing and Its EffectsStereotyping, welcomed on by the presence of a class framework, has numerous beneficial outcomes in John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath. This class framework, comprised of vagrants and prosperous individuals, is available because of the way that a large number of the princely individuals generalization the transients as poor, uneducated, and handily fomented people. In this way, this defines a limit between the informed people and vagrants. From the start, most vagrants disregard the impacts generalizing has on them. Yet, towards the finish of their excursions to California, the vagrants rage that had been progressively developing inside lets out and the transients make a move. The impacts are increasingly positive as the vagrants make progress toward training, get compassion, and serenely manage clashes. Homestead proprietors, fruitful businesspeople, and by and large all occupants of the Mid-West have a feeling that all vagrants are idiotic, uneducated individuals in 1939. They lower compensation for organic product picking at ranches which were the main occupations offered to the transients due to their proposed absence of insight. Yet, transients don't really decide not to instruct themselves. Mama Joad reports to her family that she will send her two most youthful kids to class once they are settled. Connie, Rose of Sharons spouse, likewise designs out his objectives with Rose of Sharon saying, A hes Connie going to learn at home, perhaps radio, so he can git to be a specialist . . . The transients have their brain previously set on instruction and decided not to be oblivious the entirety of their lives. Frequently in Grapes of Wrath, the wealthy individuals generalization the vagrants as poor and poverty stricken. As the Joads maneuver into the service station, the specialist quickly asks, Got any cash? He sees the Joads as one of numerous poor, transient families showing up to ask for certain gas. In any case, not all individuals who see transients as destitution stricken, hungry individuals see them in such a way. Mae, a server at one of the cafés feels sorry for a family requesting bread and gives her sympathy by letting the kids have candy for substantially less than its value. Rather than the foreseen let-down, the transients get feel sorry for from those with empathy and compassion. Not exclusively do well-to-do people consider the to be as uneducated and poverty stricken, yet additionally as effortlessly disturbed individuals. Since ranch laborers are anxious about the possibility that that these vagrants may some time or another assume control over their homesteads, they attempt to make the transients remain more unwelcoming. Presently if there was a major battle and perhaps shooting-a lot of representatives could go in and wipe out the camp, one of the proprietors says to Tom and the Wallaces. Ranch proprietors even arrangement to stir up some dust, believing that no transient can leave behind a battle. Be that as it may, the transients manage the issue in a quiet way with no battle ever starting. Cops swarm all over to incite transients with the goal that many can be captured and pulled off the lanes. In any case, the transients settle their issues with the goal that new issues don't begin. To cultivate proprietors, inciting transients is an approach to shield more vagrants from taking their property and assets yet closes fruitlessly. Generalizing, welcomed on by the presence of a class framework, has numerous beneficial outcomes in Grapes of Wrath. The transients do expect to secure an instruction, get compassion from the merciful, and respond insightfully to enticing circumstances. Steinbeck depicts society in its most genuine structure. Indeed, even with the pessimistic impact of the rich individuals, the vagrants get similarly the same number of positive outcomes as there are negative under such unforgiving conditions.

Should physical education be a mandatory class free essay sample

Canada is, where physical instruction was once compulsory. Notwithstanding, presently it appears that society debilitates physical training by playing hooky in schools, and lessening physical exercises in study halls. A few schools settle on physical instruction a decision which most ought to differ with. It is significant for understudies to remain truly fit consistently. This is a solid thought that will assist understudies with battling corpulence, elevated cholesterol and circulatory strain. In this manner, physical training ought to be compulsory in all schools since understudies should be dynamic and comprehend the idea of sound living. Having standard exercise is a bit of leeway as it encourages understudies to be genuinely fit and sound, high scholastic accomplishment, and lessens human services. â€Å"Living healthy† is an amazing articulation that has various implications, for example, living longer, having low circulatory strain and decreasing the danger of getting diabetes. Having a sound way of life with an activity routine is a solid demonstration of living, as it lessens pressure and assists individuals with concentrating on the most proficient method to appropriately deal with the body. We will compose a custom exposition test on Should physical training be a compulsory class? or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Physical training assists understudies with improving their insight about medical problems prompting an increasingly pleasant life. However, a few understudies do confront difficulties when performing physical exercises, however it’s never past the point where it is possible to learn. Physical instruction is definitely not a risky action, it gets hazardous when understudies act untrustworthy and take it to the extraordinary. Physical instruction is a significant class that each school ought to have space for. A few understudies loathe physical training since they feel that its an exercise in futility as it removes time from different classes, anyway most understudy don't have a clue about the significance of physical instruction. Then again, every single understudy has the privilege to pick, settling on physical instruction a decision. In the event that they couldn't care less, driving them to partake in physical instruction would not help. This might be valid, yet without phy sical training, this can prompt a heftiness emergency with understudies. Physical training likewise helps understudies scholastically. It assists understudies with centering and focus in class. Studies show that Physical instruction emphatically influences overweight and heftiness, HDL cholesterol, Blood pressure, Insulin obstruction, Skeletal wellbeing, Musculoskeletal wounds, Psychologicalâ well-acting naturally, regard, and Anxiety/sorrow. The more physical exercises individuals take an interest in, it builds their medical advantages decidedly. As indicated by McMaster University, â€Å"Most intercession contemplates utilized administered projects of moderate to incredible physical action of 30 to 45 minutes length 3 to 5 days out of each week. The board accepted that a more noteworthy measure of physical movement would be important to accomplish comparable advantageous impacts on wellbeing and conduct results in customary day by day circumstances.† People esteem various things. A few people may profoundly esteem the medical advantages of physical movement. Others need to be dynamic since they appreciate recreational exercises or they need to look better or rest better. A few people need to be dynamic since it encourages them get thinner or it allows them to invest energy with companions.

Dean Coatsworth on Charlie Rose COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Dean Coatsworth on Charlie Rose COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Dean of SIPA, John Coatsworth, recently appeared on the Charlie Rose program. The segment is described as the following on the Charlie Rose Web site: A discussion about Latin America with Greg Grandin, Associate Professor of Latin American history at New York University, John Coatsworth, Dean, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, Kevin Casas-Zamora, Former Vice President of Costa Rica and Michael Shifter, Incoming President of Inter-American Dialogue. You can view the full interview by clicking here.

The Most Famous Crimes of the 21st Century

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Why Learning Theories And Learning Styles Is Important For...

Why having an understanding of learning theories and learning styles is important for your career in nursing? In this essay, I will start by discussing the four main aspects of learning theories and how having an understanding of these will help me in my nursing career. I will also be identifying my own strongest and weakest learning style and how having an understanding of this will enhance my practice as a learning disability nurse. In my understanding, a learning style is your own way of learning, and who you are a as a learner. These learning styles suggest that individuals have many different types of ways to learn which can therefore be categorised according to their own style of learning. According to Sternberg (1994), a learning style is someone’s preferred way of using their own ability within their learning. However, learning styles are not fixed for an individual, you are able to adapt these learning styles and extend them to your own ability and understanding (Reid 1987; Oxford 2011). A learning theory is what type of individual learner you are, and how you retrieve and process information. This can be adapted to suit your own preferences as a learner. It is important for me as a student learning disability nurse to be able to understand these theories and learning styles as it will benefit me throughout my career, ensuring that the care I provide is beneficial to all service users and influential to other health care professionals. In this section I will beShow MoreRelatedThe Information Of Learning Theories771 Words   |  4 Pagesyou find surprising or striking as you furthered your knowledge about how people learn? This course gave me the opportunity to rediscover and learn and understand my learning style and strategies. 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It describes what arguments and assertions are, what the differences are between them and which one is better. Debnath describes reflection as a means of self-examination to learn from knowledge and experiences which will help transformRead MoreSample Reflection Assignments1243 Words   |  5 Pages COURSE: Going Local: Service-Learning to Link Entrepreneurship, Policy and Science (ASCI 297 and CDAE/NFS/PPS 195/295) INSTRUCTOR: Richard Schramm Written assignments are of two types: Reflections and Project Reports. Reflections: An essential element for student learning in service-learning courses is written and oral reflections on the field study experience, as well as on other elements of the course. To have an experience isn’t enough to ensure learning; you need to intentionally andRead MoreHow I Changed My Family1639 Words   |  7 Pagesand considered that group to be significantly attached. I am going to explore two theories and explain how I turned out the way I did, along with why my family functions the way it does. I will also reflect on things I have learned this past semester in this class. The first theory I chose was the Attachment Theory. The attachment theory proposes that your childhood relationships forms the type of attachment style you apply to other relationships later in life. My parents have a very healthy marriage

Exploring Organization Change Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Exploring Organization Change Management. Answer: Introduction In todays scenario, it is very common for having the system Failure in the organisation. It is been known that the IT is been fully aligned to all the business strategies and the key role is to identify the risks and to prevent from the threats occurred. The IT governance covers the whole scenario and highlights the current corporate failures. The IT governance covers the main principles of the organisation, policies, procedures etc. It mainly focuses on resolving the issues regarding to the system failures of the organisation. The main objectives includes optimising of the resources used in an organisation, business performance implementing through IT strategies, goals etc. IT mainly aims to empower and deliver the strategic business value so as to avoid the risks and the failures being affected in an organisation. In todays world it is essential to have the quick responses in the business market, globalisation of the products and services being provided and the cost of an organisat ion or enterprise that have the strategies to implement the business initiatives and to meet the challenges so as to avoid the risks. (Barker and Frolick, 2003). ERP technology is used for allowing the company for increasing in the productivity for the business functions. ERP is highly complex and is difficult to implement and most of the time ERP requires the long process for implementing the operations on time and accessibility to the significant resources. Regarding to the ERP technologies many company have accessed to the ERP technology and its applications for the business operations and other companies have faced the implementation failure using the ERP (Decker et al., 2012). The organisations mainly focus on having the dynamic interaction between the implementation factors being made using the ERP applications. The ideas involved in the system failures associated with the ERP are in different forms regarding to an inappropriate functioning of the system and trying of the implementation process. In the bitter case scenario of an ERP system the main thing has affected the most is the software customer a failed implementation. Most of the ERP softwares has been ended up because of the failed services. Moreover the failures generally implies on a slowdown of production and services running expressively over budget, hugely changing to the budget to go live date and making to the desired return on the investment. It is essential to focus on the failures of the ERP system failures. It is essential for every organisation to focus on the ERP system failures. It is necessary to look after the causes of ERP failure. The four common reasons for the ERP system Failure is: Sacrificing business speed and cost implementation- Every organisation focus on the cost and speed of ERP implementation, the two important factors should be focusing on the not more important. These are the important two factors but not more than the functionality of the system within the organisation. Lacking in Executive Involvement- The management team should be involved within the every step of implementation. It tends to help in to know the importance of the events and the latest updates of the organisation. It is necessary for every organisation to know about the technical aspects and the opportunity in the work, realize the importance and the amount of the time for performing the operations and resources used for the main purpose for processing the business operations. Therefore, management is the core field for all the employees for working on the ERP software in the first place. Unrealistic Expectations- ERP sellers say that the ERP solutions can be implemented very fast at a very low cost. Basically the average implementation takes around 14 months for an organisation but sellers say that it takes around 7 months to complete the tasks. For the unrealistic time expectations, generally the time can delay in the extra costs and the resources for implementing the operations. Training on the new system- It is ultimately the useless without ensuring about the key resources which is to be used by the users but without seeking any training on the resources. The organisation generally rely on the ERP sellers for giving the training options to have the ease in the process by training all the employees of the organisation or to train the few employees so that the knowledgeable ones can train thefreshers. Correspondence Failure- This type of failure describe regarding when the design objectives and its ideas are not met when the organisation has been in the development mode. It generally requires the information system will reject an information system if the design is not properly implemented and if the design is not clearly brief they set out has not been met (Hawari and Heeks, 2010). Process Failure- This type of failure appear on the basis of the occurrence of an information system which is not been delivered in the given time or to the specific duration is been assigned or the costs is very high according to the amount being budgeted for this project. Expectation Failure- This type of failure is being derived as the failure views as the information system failed and the systems which got failed meeting the participant requirements and expectation or the values. The failure is generally being alleged as the major differences have been occurred between the actual and desired situation for getting into the particular group for the participation. Interaction Failure- This type of failure refers to the end users and the usability of the information system. The main system is been accessible by the users or not. It is not been the implementation made through the success and is it worth and the company investment being made. It arise the queries regarding to if the system is not being used and would not be classified as an interaction failure (Jones et al., 2005). Critical factors of failures of ERP (Enterprise resource planning) ERP is basically a system which is built to plan and manage the resource of an entire organization in a very efficient way in a productive manner which produces profit. It is a synchronized configuration of software which connects the whole business in a single place at a fingertip of a user who controls the business. It saves paperwork and resources by creating and collecting accurate data from business environment. In this efficient system some failures occur which will be discussed below these failures factors are assessed are based on information based on information provided by participants and compiled from the documents containing ERP implementation which includes all information such as project plans ,meeting schedules as well as email communications and so on. There are some critical failures listed below: Not effective transfer of knowledge: In ERP systems as we all know communication is most important factor if knowledge or information is not correctly transferred to the system this system wouldnt show the desired results and produce errors between incoming and outgoing resources from organization. This happens when some poorly trained and inexperienced consultants are associated with ERP design and they cant deliver professional training to the users there training material and user documentation is meaningless to the users. This happens to the ineffective transfer of knowledge, which leads to not so sufficient skills to use for project manager and project team members. Less Efficient IT Infrastructure: In business IT infrastructure security and reliability are 2 most important factors and an ERP system is a part of it .so it must be well built to process the knowledge and update it every time the new resources added or less from the management as well as this system make sure that this information is secure and accessed only by authorized personnels. This also happens when management are having financial issues in developing ERP systems and due to low budget, low performance infrastructure hardware is proposed by consultants and project manager. This leads to slow processing of ERP systems due to less cost and substandard hardware which is more economic, less efficient and affects the productivity of company in negative ways. Poor project management effectiveness: During ERP implementation ,due to limited ERP knowledge or having poor management skills some non-effective management of ERP is done .This leads to failure of ERP implementation because there is failure in plan, manage and maybe in leading of the project .An ERP system is complex and it is necessary for project teams to collaborate with top management ,consulting each and every department ,all kinds of users which will use this system along with some experienced consultants helps during implementation process. These projects are challenging and demanding because it involves all tedious work of managing processes. This work requires human resources which is skilled and trained in all purposes to attain less error in management of ERP. All activities of different levels of ERP implementation could not be conducted together that is testing of system and its configuration after implementation of ERP. Some users would not understand easily the proce ss of new implementation due to their over-tight schedules which leads to poor adaptation of business processes. For healthy management the project manager can conduct the performance alliance based on communication, training and skills of every individual and help them to evaluate. Poor quality of BPR (Business process Re-engineering): For resolving problems associated with business process mismatching BPR is conducted. This Business process Re-engineering is conducted for correcting system configuration problems created misleading elements by project team members .Its a matter of fact that the business processes are not ready reengineered to fit with ERP systems, as well as project teams are also not ready for adaptation of new business processes .BPR allows project team to understand that how ERP system according to business processes and plans. This leads to better adaptation to every new business process and system usage of ERP process. So before implementation some analyses are conducted to evaluate the software functionalities for business requirement. If the analysis would be made on conducting the poor implementation in ERP, mainly leads to misbalance in business process. BPR is a very divine process of feedbacks within the organization to develop bette r ERP systems which leads to help in growth of company (Aladwani, 2001). Classification of 4 most critical failure factors in ERP Implementation of ERP is not so easy ,most of the organisations that accomplished this will give many benefits to their users and workers as well .This improves productivity off business of both large and small scales will implement ERP systems to attain an good position by developing business processes and by developing efficient communication. When an errorless ERP system is developed it successfully provide advantages to companies. But to build an accurate ERP system these failures are elements which would be eliminated, are as follows: Knowledge transfer in ERP: This is most common failure of ERP systems, a common ERP system must having a good communication network where all data and knowledge flows easily but in a secure manner. This knowledge must be anything such as stock prices, resource management, employee working in company and money flowing as capital along with all the transactions performed by the company in a specific period of time is updated securely in ERP systems. On technological level, the qualities of servers and network used in ERP system of large scale industry must be efficient to update and secure all the information which is kept on ERP servers. On cultural level, all users of this system will update the knowledge on real time basis in ERP for better monitoring of all commercial activities of their company. (Imran et al., 2016). Efficient IT Infrastructure: An ERP is designed in such a way so that it can initially handles all resources and transactions of the company .On managerial basis ,it should designed in a way so that it must be both secure and reliable system that should update itself or manually both but in both ways it works perfectly . on technological basis, it must be secure and automated in a way so that if it may update in improper manner it corrects itself by learning from old ERP models .on cultural basis, some trained and skilled employees are required to build the efficient ERP for the company which will further update itself according to needs (Palaniswamy and Frank, 2002). Project effectiveness: During implementation of ERP, the poor management skills of the team leader of project leads to poor project effectiveness of ERP after implementation .So it is necessary during ERP implementation and planning is done by skilled and trained employees and most of them having the experience in business strategies .On managerial basis ,project effectiveness depends on works of employees that how they design the billing system, the resource log and IT infrastructure of ERP. On technological basis, ERP implementation is done after consulting the IT employees so that they can ensure the reliability and security of ERP .On Cultural basis, ERP implementation project is a matter of teamwork where if each individual makes their effort in building the better, reliable and secure ERP. Improvement in quality of BPR (Business Process Re-engineering): Improvement in quality of ERP requires BPR (business process re-engineering) where all problems are resolved regarding business process mismatching. These problems are generally created by company fellows itself due to which failures occur in business. To overcome this BPR is conducted in ERP time to time for identifying the problems. On managerial basis, company and its employees are always ready to join new business plans concluded during BPR .On technological basis, BPR is conducted in a proper way to resolve problems of EPR effectively .On cultural basis, all employees show their interest in adapting new ways of business strategies that how business plans and processes in a motivated way (Robinson, 2002). Two major lessons that can be learned by analysing the ERP failure at the case company can be viewed according to the major perspectives i.e. Planning and Implementation. The major lesson which is being learned from the ERP failure i.e. FoxMeyer Case as it is the largest drug wholesaler with the annual sales approximately 5 million $. The basic principle of the company is to deal in the healthcare services. It was not a failure of automation according to the FoxMeyer but it was the failure occurred from the management side. And management has the unrealistic expectations. And to overcome from this failure the analysis was made on the market research and product evaluation which was implemented by the FoxMeyer. And then he purchased the warehouse automaton from the vendor and chose a consultant for integrating and implementing the systems in the proper form. The major lessons which were made on the software selection for the high level technical and operational expertise, contingency plan for how to survive in case of system failure and the stakeholders involvement which majorly include the end users and the customers. The second case was made on the ERP implementation failure on the Hershey Company. As it is the largest chocolate manufacture in the North America. Its sales are roughly around 80% chocolates and 20% non-chocolate. Hershey selected SAPs R/3 ERP software and used other softwares for managing the integration. And they chose to Big Bang Approach rather than the Phased Approach. The Failure arises on the order fulfilment, processing and shipment started to arise. And they were unable to meet the its commitment regarding to the delivery and hence they just lost their credibility in the market as the distributors who ordered the product was not able to deliver the supply to the retailers. Hershey implemented was on the ERP software on the time cost of the company around 150 $ US million in sales. The main reasons of failure were arise due to over squeezing implementation schedules, wrong approach, customer activities etc. The Learning outcomes from the failure were made on the proper ERP i mplementation that should not force on the unreasonable timeline. To not have the fixed schedule on cutover during busy seasons, for this the organisation must reduce the orders in the cutover period. The ERP software can be rollout for a company form the single implementation failed process. The ERP implementation should efficiently integrated with the both internal and external information management covering towards the organisational and implementation of the ERP failure that have occurred recently. The basic impact that intends on the implementation failure of the ERP system in the Company No Specified Destination- It is been clearly specified with the clear expectations is that the organisation must take the appropriate decision for implementing to the new ERP system. It mainly focus on the initial step focusing on the main objectives and then to its success. Other problem deals with the lacking in the consequences on the problems being arise and solved for the desired outcome or for the specific task which was been made regarding the financial justification of the projects leading in the challenges and controlling the scope and maintaining the executive support. It basically define that the business which is important for the processing to all the business activities, its financial decisions and the deadlines are being made for moving up the target to reach to the success (Roy and Sangle, 2016). Customization- It ensures to make the major aspects on breaking of an ERP tools. In todays scenario most of the company have starting using and have customizing the ERP systems which add risks, time and cost dealing with the projects. It is the main impact which is being caused in the implementation of the risk failure because the interfaces, data conversions are the major areas which has a greater impact of the threat being caused and the technical risks in ERP implementations. Despite of the risks and the expenses being made in the ERP most of the companies are unable to control the project and have the scope of turning down to the customizations. It always begins from the initial part but technically it grown onto the larger scale (Teltumbde, 2000). Conclusion According to the organisational requirements of the system failure generally occurs due to organisational database is not well maintained on the basis of the identification of the threats or the failure causes is due to the failing of the techniques or because of untrained teaching and the operations performed are not properly done and the root causes for resolving the failures it is essential that the personnels should be well trained and expertise in performing the operations and implementing the ERP using the ERP softwares of an organisation that should have the continue process in the business operations and the strategies being design and planned according to the proper implementation of the ERP technologies. It basically provides the systematic approach for converging the failure causes and implementing the effective actions for the appropriate usability of the tools and technologies focusing on the operations being performed to the organisational behaviour. References Aladwani, A.M., 2001. Change management strategies for successful ERP implementation.Business Process management journal,7(3), pp.266-275. Barker, T. and Frolick, M.N., 2003. ERP implementation failure: A case study.Information Systems Management,20(4), pp.43-49. Decker, P., Durand, R., Mayfield, C.O., McCormack, C., Skinner, D. and Perdue, G., 2012. Predicting implementation failure in organization change.Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict,16(2), p.29. Hawari, A.A. and Heeks, R., 2010. Explaining ERP failure in a developing country: a Jordanian case study.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,23(2), pp.135-160. Imran, M.K., Imran, M.K., Rehman, C.A., Rehman, C.A., Aslam, U., Aslam, U., Bilal, A.R. and Bilal, A.R., 2016. Whats organization knowledge management strategy for successful change implementation?. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(7), pp.1097-1117. Jones, R.A., Jimmieson, N.L. and Griffiths, A., 2005. The impact of organizational culture and reshaping capabilities on change implementation success: The mediating role of readiness for change.Journal of Management Studies,42(2), pp.361-386. Palaniswamy, R. and Frank, T.G., 2002. Oracle ERP and network computing architecture: implementation and performance.Information Systems Management,19(2), pp.53-69. Robinson, P., 2002. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Survival Guide. online at BPIC, The Manufacturing Planning Resource, available at https://www. bpic. co. uk/erp. htm, accessed June, 16. Roy, S. and Sangle, P.S., 2016. Exploring Organization Change Management Techniques for Successful ERP Implementation.Journal of Management Research and Analysis,3(3), pp.136-144. Teltumbde, A., 2000. A framework for evaluating ERP projects.International journal of production research,38(17), pp.4507-4520.

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Example

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Que According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three reasons why people hold money. Briefly describe the three (3) motives for holding money and the main determinants of each of these money balances. (15/15) According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three motives for holding money. These motives are transactionary motives, precautionary and speculative motive. Transactionary motive This is the demand for money as a medium of exchange. Money is needed for day to day expenses or day to day purchases of goods and services. Money is exchanged for goods and services that cater for the needs and wants of customers. The goods might involve the most basic ones such as food, water and shelter as well as clothing. Precautionary motive Money as a store of value can be used to cater for uncertainties. People desire money to cater for these uncertainties that might impact on their lives. Unexpected disasters such as death, floods, hailstorms and so on may increase the demand to hold money as a precaution. However certain economic conditions such as the rate of inflation may have special implications on the demand for money for precautionary motives. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the interest rate is too high, the demand for money for precautionary motives increases. Speculative motive Money as a store of value can be demand as an outcome of speculation or expectations. Speculation has serious impacts on liquidity preference. The liquidity preference can be determined by several variables such as the rate of inflation and interest rate. If individuals or households for example expect a sharp increase in the price of commodities, the demand for money as a speculative motive decreases as the fear that the value of their money will be lost as a result of inflation. If people expect a sharp decrease in the price of commodities, the demand to hold money will increase as they know that, they will be able to buy more.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 4 of 22 The demand to hold money as a transactionary motive is known as active balance. Money held for precautionary and speculative motive is known as idle balance. In general there is an inverse relationship between holding money as idle balance and interest rate. The higher the interest rate the greater the liquidity preference or demand for money for precautionary and speculative motive. . 2 List the three (3) main injections into the circular flow of income and spending and two (2) leakages from the circular flow of income and spending. (5/5) Injections into the circular flow are: a. Payments made by the foreign sector to the country for exports. b. Investments by foreign firms into a country. c. Government subsidies and payments for goods and services. Lea kages from the circular flow of income and spending are: a. Payments for imports to the foreign sector. b. Payment of taxed to the government. QUESTION 3 [20/20] 3. Keynesian Theory emphasised an active role for government in maintaining the full employment level of national incomes. An economy free of government intervention could not ensure a sufficient level of demand. If, however, government adjusted the level of injections and withdrawals, the level of economic activity could be controlled through the multiplier effect. Briefly describe what is meant by the multiplier effect. (5/5) The multiplier effect refers to changes in national or equilibrium income or output resulting from changes if expenditure components. The result is always a multiple of the expenditure, which implies that the result is always higher that the initial charge in other words it is a multiple of the initial charge. A change in injection, say consumption (C), investment (I), Government expenditure (G) and exports (X) results in a bigger change on the level of national output or income. The multiplier works on the portion of the injection that is channelled into the circular flow. If therefore is affected by such withdrawals as savings, taxes and imports. In an open economy, the multiplier is given by the following formula: 1 1 – C (1 – t) tm Where c, t and m represent the propensities to consumer and import which are withdrawals from the circular flow. 3. 2 Explain using an AS/AD diagram, the impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on the aggregate demand and supply curves. Please ensure that you show all labelling on your graph. (15/15)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 5 of 22 The impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on AD and AS curves. AD1 AD E2 Price P P2 P0 P1 E0 E1 AS AS1 AS AD1 AS1 AD Y 0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Total Output Y From the figure above, the original price is P0 and the national income is equivalent to Y0. The economy is in equilibrium at E0. An increase in productivity shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right from AS to AS1. With the new supply curve, the equilibrium shifts to E1 at a price P1 and income Y1. Thus an increase in productivity reduces the price down to P1 and increases national income to Y1 from Y0. If there was an increase in remuneration this would have shifted the aggregate demand curve to AD, AD1 and increased the average price with a resultant higher output. QUESTION 4 4. 1 [20/20] Briefly discuss the problems facing less developed countries which explain why, as a group, LDCs tend to be poorer than developed countries. (15/15) LDC’s generally have a much higher population growth than Developed countries. Rapid population growth can create problems because new jobs have to be created in order to accommodate the increase in the labour force. If this cannot be achieved then unemployment will increase and this will also have an impact on the quality of the wellbeing of the society as well as pressure on  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 6 of 22 education and health services lacking in quality and quantity. The other problem faced by LDC’s is that the quality of the labour force tends to be low. A large number of LDC’s don’t have access to natural resources such as mineral deposits, energy sources and agricultural land for example in the tropics where the climate is not favourable for farming and in these areas crops and livestock diseases are common. Those with the mineral deposits may not be in the position to get access to capital in order for them to extract these minerals. Most LDC’s use traditional methods of farming and land ownership systems as a result of this agricultural productivity are very low. In some societies the land is owned by the community and not by the individuals therefore and person may not be motivated to protect or improve the soil since others will benefit without having to bear a cost. Agricultural development is therefore impeded. The other problem that LDC’s face is that their infrastructure is generally poorly developed. Power generation systems, roads, communication systems as well as housing facilities are lacking. This tends to affect access to the markets and also this makes it hard for firms in these countries to exploit economies of scale in the same way that those firms in developed countries do. There is also the problem of critical shortage of capital goods and access to finance in order to promote economic development. LDC’s do not have their own capital goods industries and they have to import them, and this will bring about another problem of shortage of foreign currency. LDC’s rely on foreign aid, foreign loans and foreign direct investments to purchase capital goods. 4. Name the four (4) key market-oriented policy instruments through which monetary policy is conducted in South Africa. (5/5) The four policy instruments are accommodation policy, open market policy, intervention in foreign exchange markets and public debt management. QUESTION 5 5. 1 [20/20] The South African Reserve Bank uses three different measures of the quantity of money, namely M1, M2 and M3. Explain what these measures (M1, M2 and M3) consist of. (6/6) M1 refers to all notes and coins in circulation as well as all demand deposits. M2 refers to M1 and also includes short to medium term deposits. M3 is made up of M1 and M2 and also includes all long term deposits. 5. 2 Use demand and supply analysis to graphically illustrate and explain the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles. Your graph and explanation must show the situation in the absence of international trade and after the economy is opened up to international trade. (11/11) The graph below illustrates the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles:  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 7 of 22 P AD AS Price P0 E0 Pt SW Pw AS 0 Q1 Q2 Q0 Q4 Q5 AD Q QUANTITY 5. 3. List three (3) components of the balance of payments. (3/3) In the absence of international trade in the textile market, aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) are at equilibrium at E0, where price is P0 and quantity is Q0. The economy is opened up to international trade. The world supply of textiles is now reflected by SW. this is a horizontal supply curve that reflects that at the world price of Pw, an unlimited quantity of textiles is available for supply. This is a large decrease in price from the equilibrium price of P0. At the world price of Pw, the domestic suppliers are only able and willing to supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity at Q1 whilst the remaining quantity demanded (Q5 – Q1) will be imported into the country from the international market. This will result in the domestic textile industry being severely affected as companies shut down and people loose their jobs. EXAM TOTAL: 100 IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 8 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 30 MAY 2012 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. 1. 1 Study the following Lorentz curve and then answer the questions: [20/20] i. What does the Lorentz curve illustrate? (3/3) The Lorentz curve illustrates the degree of inequality in the distribution of income in a population. What does line OB represent? Perfect equality in the distribution of income. Which line is the Lorentz curve? The line that runs from 0 through a, b, c, d to B. What is the shaded area called? The area of inequality. (2/2) ii. iii. (2/2) iv. (2/2) v. Where will you find the greatest possible inequality? (2/2) This is where only one individual or household earns the entire income. This would be illustrated by a line running from 0 to A to B. With reference to the Lorentz curve above, how is the Gini coefficient calculated? (2/2) Gini coefficient would be calculated by dividing the area of the Lorentz curve (0, a, b, c, d, B) by the area of the right-angled triangle 0AB. When will the Gini coefficient be zero? When there is perfect equality in the distribution of income (OB). 1/1) vi. vii. viii. When will the Gini coefficient be one?  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing (1/1) Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 9 of 22 When there is there is the greatest possible inequality total income accrues to one individual or household (line running from 0 to A to B) 1. 2 List five (5) causes of cost-push inflation. Increase in profit margins. Increase in the price of other inputs e. g. imported oil or capital goods. Wage and salary increase unaccompanied by an increase in productivity. Decrease in productivity. Deteriorations in the weather. 20/20] (5/5) QUESTION 2 2. 1 Which of the following are changes in injections and which are changes in withdrawals in South Africa’s circular flow of income? In each case, specify whether the change is an increase or decrease ceteris paribus. i. The local council funds a new metro project for the city. Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. The government raises tax allowances. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) ii. (2/2) iii. A leading South African company wins a major overseas contract. (2/2) Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. Government reduces child benefits. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) iv. v. Depreciation in the exchange rate affects the popularity of holidays abroad. (2/2) Change in withdrawal Decreases ceteris paribus. 2. 2 The South African Reserve Bank regards financial stability as its most important objective. Identify and discuss two areas where the South African Reserve Bank plays a pivotal role in pursuit of this objective. (10/10) Financial Stability ? Bank notes and coins The SA Reserve Bank issues, destroys, prints produces bank notes and coins. The mint company produces coins and the note company prints the  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 10 of 22 notes. It is done according to the demand of money needed to circulate in the economy. ? ? ? ? ? ? Supervision (Bank). The SA Reserve Bank issues licenses to other banks. The SA Reserve Bank has the responsibility to make sure other banks function correctly in the economy. Supervises and corrects other banks when needed. Offers liquidity to other banks. Acts as a clearing bank to other banks. [20/20] QUESTION 3 3. 1 The Aggregate Demand – Aggregate Supply model (AS/AD) is a guide for policymaking. Explain, using a AS/AD model, the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD) as the result of an Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy. First draw the diagram and then explain the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD). (16/16) The diagram below shows the effects of Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the AS/AD model. P ADI AS PRICE LEVEL P2 E1 P0 E0 AD AS AD ADI 0 Y1 Y2 TOTAL PRODUCTION, INCOME Y  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 11 of 22 Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy entails the reduction in interest rates and increase in money supply. Increase in government expenditure or spending and lowering of taxes. By this, demand in the economy would have been increased, because participants in the economy have enough credits to spend hence prices of goods and services will increase. On the diagram, prior to the expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production on the horizontal was of Y1, price level of P0 and equilibrium of E0. Due to Expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production increased to Y2, price level to P2 and new equilibrium to E1. The Aggregate demand curve has shifted to the right to ADI and the AS supply curve remains as it is, no effect. 3. 2 Identify four (4) types of unemployment. Four types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment Seasonal unemployment Structural unemployment Frictional unemployment (4/4) QUESTION 4 4. 1 Distinguish between the following: i. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [20/20] (4/4) GDP equation GDP = C + I + G + (x-z) It excludes imports. GDP is the total value of production within the boundaries of the country. ii. Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) (3/3) GDE = C + I + G Excludes exports. GDE is equal to GDP at market prices. GDE is the total value of goods and services in the boundaries of the country. iii. Gross National Income (GNI) GNI = Primary income receipts. Primary income payments. GNI measures the standard of living. GNI = GNP 4. 2 In a system of market-determined exchange rate, how would the following affect the price of the rand in terms of the dollar? Explain your answer in terms of whether there is a shift in the demand or supply curves (or both) and which way the curve(s) shifts. (3/3)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 12 of 22 i. More capital goods are imported from China. 2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve remains the same, Rand depreciates against the dollar. Net investments in South Africa increase. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the right, Rand appreciates against the dollar. Speculators believe the exchange rate will fall. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the left, th e Rand depreciates against the dollar. Interest rates in South Africa fall relative to those abroad. (2/2) The demand curve shifts to the left, supply curve stays the same the Rand depreciates against the dollar. South Africa experiences a high rate of inflation. (2/2) The demand curve shifts right, the supply curve shifts left the rand depreciates against the dollar. [20/20] ii. iii. iv. v. QUESTION 5 5. 1 The relationship between household expenditure and income is called the consumption function. Graphically illustrate the consumption function and describe three (3) important features of the consumption function. (11/11) The diagram below illustrates the consumption function: TOTAL SPENDING C2 C C1 C Y C Y 0 INCOME In the diagram above it illustrates that an increase in income will result in an increase in total spending. Although there is an increase in total spending, the increase in total spending is less than the increase in  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Y4 Y5 Page 13 of 22 income. Spending or consumption will not begin at zero because our consumption function which is C is slightly above zero. 5. 2 List the five (5) macroeconomic objectives. Five macroeconomic objectives are as follows: Full employment. Economic growth Stability in price Balance of payment Equitable distribution of income 5. 3 Briefly explain the ‘Consumer Price Index’ (CPI). (4/4) (5/5) Consumer Price Index is defined as the price index of the basket with goods and services of consumers. Consumer Price Index is used to measure inflation rate usually on an annual basis. Consumer Price Index is calculated by selecting goods and services that is expected to be consumed by average consumers in an economy. In the Consumer Price Index the importance of goods and services is determined by the weight allocated to each good and service in the basket. QUESTION 6 6. 1 Draw a figure explaining a typical business cycle. [20/20] (8/8) Economic activity + B Peak (boom) (upswing) recovery recession (downswing) Time C A trough A business cycle consists of peaks and troughs.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 14 of 22 6. 2 At point A the through the economy will be in recession where the level of economic activity will be low, high inflation, no investments, high unemployment. At point B the peak caused by an upswing or when the economy rec overs from the recession the economic level of activities will be at its highest, low inflation, high investments, high productivity. It is usually called a boom. Also unemployment will be low. Then there is a downswing from the boom to recession and to the trough again. The cycle goes on and on. Suppose the price of a packet of 20 cigarettes is R12. 00. At this equilibrium price the quantity sold is 150 000 packets per week. Government now introduces an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet. Use the data to construct a graph to explain the effect of the introduction of this excise tax. First draw the graph and then explain the effect. Indicate the following on the graph and explain: i. ii. iii. The original equilibrium price and quantity The new equilibrium price and quantity The tax levied per packet 12/12)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 15 of 22 R Price of packet(R) S1 20 S1 D R4. 00 S 18 16 14. 40 14 E2 E0 12 E1 10. 40 10 S1 8 D 6 S 4 2 50 100 120 Quantity sold (in thousands) per week 150 200 At the beginning of a price of R12. 00 we are at equilibrium E0 with 150 000 packets being sold per week. With the introduction of an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet our supply curve moves to the left and cuts the demand curve of our new equilibrium E2 with price of R14. 40 and a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The supplier will be able sell at a price of about R10. 40 with a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The tax levied per packet is shown by the distance between E1 and E2 and is the additional excess tax of R4. 00. The supplier will make sale at a lower price from R12. 00 to R10. 40 which is R1. 60 less and the consumer will buy at a higher price of R14. 40 which is R2. 40 more. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 16 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 21 OCTOBER 2011 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. [18/20] Discuss the circular flow of goods and services by drawing a diagram and then explaining this flow. (10/10) Firms Factors of production Goods and services Factor market Goods market Factors of production Goods and services Households From the above diagram we are able to see that households produce the factors of production, and sell them on the factor market. The factors of production are purchased fr om the factor market, by firms. Firms then take the factors of production, and turn them into goods and services, which are then sold on the goods market. Households then purchase the goods and services from the goods market for consumption. 1. 2 Name the most important total of the balance of payments. The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves. 1. 3 Provide four (4) reasons for your answer in 1. 2 above. (6/8) (2/2) The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves is the most important total because the answer is obtained by adding the two major accounts (current and financial account) together.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 17 of 22 This total shows the financial standing of a country compared to the rest of the world. The total depicts if the country is importing or exporting more. And the total allows us to see which areas, in terms of financial stability, on which we can improve. QUESTION 2 2. 1 On what basic idea did Keynes base his model? [20/20] (2/2) Keynes based his model on the basic idea that production and income are determined by aggregate spending. In other words aggregate spending drives total production and income in the economy thus A 2. 2 Y The consumption function is concerned with total spending in the economy. Give six (6) important factors that affect consumption. Consumption can be affected by the following factors: (6/6) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wealth Interest rates Level of taxation Expectations Distribution of income Age distribution of population (2/2) 2. 3 What is meant by ‘prices are given’ in terms of this model? In terms of the Keynesian model when they say â€Å"prices are given† they mean that prices are set outside the model, they are not generated in the model. 2. 4 The aim of a simple Keynesian macroeconomic model is to explain how national income is determined. Describe five (5) assumptions upon which this model is based. 10/10) The simple Keynesian model is based on various assumptions of which the following may be discussed: Firstly, it assumes that the economy consist of households and firms only. These are the basic decision-making and production units only. The model also assumes that there is no government thus the local, regional and central government is not part of the simple Keynesian model. There is no f oreign sector. It assumes that it is a closed economy where there is no interaction with the rest of the world.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 18 of 22 The forth assumption is that money supply and interest rates are given. The interest rates are determined outside the model. Therefore the model cannot influence the monetary sector operations. Lastly, the simple Keynesian model assumes that â€Å"prices are given†. All market prices are given and they are not generated in the model which implies that the model cannot be used to calculate the inflation rate. QUESTION 3 3. 1 [20/20] Explain the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and service within the country. GDP is calculated by product, income and expenditure and excludes imports. GDP = C + 1 + G + (x – z) 3. 2 Explain the Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Expenditure is the total value of spending on goods produced in the country. GDE is equal to GDP at market price. Excludes exports GDE = C + 1 + G 3. 3 Define the monetary policy. (2/2) Monetary policy can be defined as a measure of monetary authorities to influence quantity of money or interest. 3. 4 Give the four (4) key instruments used in the monetary policy. a. b. c. . Accommodation policy Open market policy Public debt management Intervention on foreign exchange rate [20/20] (2/2) (8/8) QUESTION 4 4. 1 When is a tax a general tax? A general tax is a tax levied on goods and services i. e. VAT. 4. 2 When is a tax a selective tax? A selective tax is a tax levied only on selected goods. i. e. alcohol. (2/2)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 19 of 22 4. 3 When is a tax proportional? (2/2) A proportional tax is when the tax paid (i. e. income tax) is proportional to the income earned. 4. 4 When is a tax progressive? (2/2) A progressive tax is a tax that increases as income increases (i. e. income tax). 4. 5 When is a tax regressive? A regressive tax is a tax which reduces as income increases (i. e. VAT) 4. 6 What type of tax is ‘Value Added Tax’ (VAT) and why? (2/2) (2/2) Value Added Tax is a general tax. It is levied on most goods and services. 4. 7 Assume a bottle of wine costs R45. 95 and the government raises the tax on wine by R4. 00 per bottle. Answer the following questions: a) What will happen to the consumption of wine in the country? (2/2) The consumption of wine will decrease due to a drop in demand caused by the higher price. ) Give the three (3) groups that will share the burden of this increase in tax. (6/6) Employer – the employer will receive less profit per bottle of wine. Employee – there will be less demand which will lead to a decrease in supply / production which can create less jobs or wage cuts. Consumer – the consumer will pay more for a bottle of wine due to inflation in the price. [20/20] QUESTION 5 Suppose the market is in equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬11 and a quantity of 14 billion eurodollars a day. Suppose there is a decrease in the supply of eurodollars. 5. Draw a graph showing the original equilibrium position. (5/5)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 20 of 22 A decrease in the supply of eurodollars D â‚ ¬ S1 14 E1 S 12 Price of eurodollars (exchange rate) 11 E 8 6 4 D 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Q Quantity of eurodollars per day (billions) 5. 2 Then on the same graph, show the effect of the decrease in the supply of eurodollars. (5/5) Provide a brief explanation of the effect shown in (5. 2). (10/10) 5. 3 Original supply curve at (SS), Demand at (DD) equilibrium at E (â‚ ¬11:14), price is at â‚ ¬11 and quantity at 14. The new supply curve at SS1, equilibrium at E1, price at 14 and quantity at 12. When price appreciates the quantity demanded depreciates, and it forms a new equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬14 and a quantity of 12. The supply of eurodollars decreases. QUESTION 6 6. 1 [16/20] Draw a Philips curve which shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment. (7/8)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 21 of 22 Figure 2 ^P P Inflation Rate (%) 5 A 2 B U -2 3 6 Unemployment Rate (%) Define the concept of ‘stagflation’. 6. 2 (2/2) Stagflation is the combination of an increased unemployment rate along with an increase in inflation. 6. 3 Draw a figure that shows the impact of ‘stagflation’ on the Philips curve. (8/8) Figure 3 ^P P 6 Inflation Rate (%) A 5 A U 4 Unemployment Rate (%)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 6 Page 22 of 22 6. 4 Give two (2) other factors which would cause the Philips curve to move in the same direction as the movement caused by ‘stagflation’. (1/2) Recession in a country. Production costs increase. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101

Utilitarianism in Health Care Issues Essays

Utilitarianism in Health Care Issues Essays Utilitarianism in Health Care Issues Paper Utilitarianism in Health Care Issues Paper Essay Topic: Utilitarianism I will then explicate the main points of virtue theory. Following that, I will argue that the tenets of virtue theory instead works In favor of letting the miners keep their Job. As well, I will explain the utilitarian theory, and follow that by arguing that utilitarianism, as well. Would favor the continued operation of the coalmines. Health Canada argues that coalmines in Belleville, Nova Scotia, need to be closed down as it has extremely harmful effects on its workers. The former states that working in mines leads to an increased chance of contracting pulmonary disease. While it Is true that keeping the mines open leads to economic benefits, these benefits are outweighed by the adverse health effects that the miners In turn suffer as a result of their inherent working conditions. Health Canada states that to allow the workers to work in such conditions creates ill-health and consequent unhappiness (Argument for Paper 2 11. 9). Therefore, it is more beneficial for the workers in the long run that the mine be shut down, as any economic stress suffered by the workers would be compensated for by the workers moving away from the gizzards source in order to find new Jobs elsewhere. Further, as most the workers are middle-aged and unlikely to continue working for much longer, Health Canada recommends that the mines be closed as soon as possible. This would also have the result in increasing the workers happiness levels, as by moving away to seek other employment, they would be less exposed to the health hazards and therefore maximize their health and freedom (Argument for Paper 2). Modern Virtue theory argues that we should determine what makes a person good or bad by whether he or she has certain virtues In their character. For example, traits such as courage, honesty, generosity, In a person, If they have these traits, would make the person count as a good person. Virtues as well are such that they must not be too extreme towards either the positive end, or towards the negative end. For example, the virtue courage is a virtue because it is a middle ground between being a coward or being extremely impulsive. As such, the virtues are virtues such that if it is good for a person to possess such a character trait, then it is a virtue. When applying virtue theory to the case of shutting down coalmining In the town of Belleville, we must then In this case consider the moral character of both the authorities who are trying to shut down the mining, as well as the miners whose jobs are affected. In the case of the authorities, while they might regard themselves as having the good virtues, such as of honesty and courage, of their attempt to shut down the mines, I feel that the ultimate outcome of this intent does not reflect the virtues that are supposed to have created this shutdown, and therefore the traits are not morally good Let us KICK at ten two vultures AT nonsense Ana courage. I wall TLS examine honest. Are the authorities being truly honest with the miners by alerting them to the potential health danger of exposure while playing down the other dangers such as unemployment, loss of benefits, the additional stress of relocating and having to look for new Jobs, and so on? It seems like they are not being wholly truthful, as they have failed to highlight the other potential health dangers of closing down the mine. As well, I find that the Health Canada authorities are not being truly virtuous when it comes to the moral trait of courage as well, as their cause to shut own the miners Jobs and relocate them is not a worthy cause. This is because the negatives of performing such an act outweigh the positives when it comes to benefiting the miners. We could therefore conclude that while Health Canada might be performing a courageous act by asking the miners to relocate, it is not for a worthy cause, and therefore their behavior is invidious. Let us consider this case from a utilitarian perspective. I will first explicate on the theory of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory which states that that which is right is what brings the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest maximum number of people. The act that manages to fulfill this criteria is the act that is then morally right. As a result, whenever we consider what is a morally right action to do, we have to keep in mind that the action that would make it so that the accumulated level of happiness in the majority would be higher than the accumulated number of unhappiness in a majority. As well, utilitarianism is bias- free, in that the happiness levels of your close friends and family do not take priority ever the happiness levels of the neighbors next door, or of people in countries that you have never visited and will never know. I argue that under the principles of utilitarianism, closing the mines would ultimately be a morally wrong act to befall the miners, and consequently, the majority. While the closure promises long term benefits, we must remember that most of the miners being affect are 50 years old or older. This means that in terms of long term health effects, they are unlikely to be able to enjoy it in time or, even if they o live long enough to get the benefits of reduction to exposure, these benefits are only likely to last a few years before they pass away. This then does not seem like it would benefit them, or the families that are depending on them for sustenance, as the short term and possibly long term effects of closing the mines means that they would not be able to support themselves financially. In short, the negative potential for happiness is a certainty, while the positive potential for happiness is only theoretical.

Marketing the Fashion Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing the Fashion Product - Essay Example The essay "Marketing the Fashion Product" talks about the successful marketing strategy of the biggest clothes retailer in the United Kingdom Marks and Spencer (M&S). The lingerie market has grown steadily over the past decades with the United Kingdom experiencing consistent growth. M&S have grown consistently with new designs, innovative practices to record huge volume of sales in the last 5 years. â€Å"The total UK lingerie market was worth an estimated  £2.93bn in 2010, increasing by 17.8% over the 5-year review period.† M&S underwear brands consist of ‘Autograph’, ‘Per Una’ and ‘M&S Woman’ for women. For men it is ‘Autograph underwear’, ‘collezione’. Marketing has always been the nucleus of any business. There is no other alternative to reach the customers than a proper marketing plan and execution. The companies need to reach out to the customers and offer them the best services and quality at competitive prices. It is not necessary for M&S to provide cheap products as quality is the key to the underwear market segment where comfort counts. The twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. The 7P marketing mix is a scientific account of the key areas of marketing which are Product, Price, place, promotion, packaging, positioning, and people. The idea of marketing mix is the same idea as mixing a cake. A baker will alter the proportions of ingredients in a cake depending on the type of cake he/she wishes to bake. The proportions in marketing mix can be altered in the same way and can differ from product to product.† (GCSE,2001) Product selling is a critical area where the customer habits and trends decide whether they want to purchase the product. Quality and innovative design are key factors where the marketers need to equip themselves with answers to critical questions as to the marketability and the acceptability of a product. Product demand and the trend of the market will decide on the sale of the product. M&S have the uniqueness in them where their innovative designers are constantly researching on the aspect of giving the customer an out of the box design. The body shape wear designed by their experts were special for the customers where they welcomed it and very soon it became the trend setter for the underwear brands. Apart from the core product selling, after sales services are also an important segment of product selling as it gives an element of trust to the company. Price is the second P of the

[Management Accounting] Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Essay

[Management Accounting] Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of activity-based costing vs volume based costing system - Essay Example The system is also accurate because it identifies products and then assigns to them direct and indirect costs. This means that ABC identifies the cost of producing various products. This then enables companies to determine the products that are highly profitable and those that produce low returns (Kaplan, & Anderson, 2005). Organizations then decide to produce the profitable products in large quantities and the less profitable ones in low or no quantities. ABC system helps managers in forecasting demand for their products and predicting sales using the company’s capacity. The capacity of an organization refers to the ability of employees and machines to produce goods of a certain quantity. Organizations compare the products that employees and machines produce in a day and those that consumers purchase on the same period. If the company sells all the products that it produces, it discovers that its demand is higher than its capacity (Drury, 2012). If consumption is less than production, companies, are able to tell that the level of demand is below its capacity. Organizations then determine the amount of output to produce using the comparisons. ABC system is vital in identifying wasteful products and ensuring resources are used productively. According to Kaplan and Anderson (2005), activity-based costing system allows managers to eliminate costs spent on non-value adding activities. This provides greater visibility into business processes and operational cost drivers. Improving information visibility also enables cost managers to deploy quality-related initiatives by identifying and eliminating poor quality activities together and their cost drivers (Gilbert, 2007). This is beneficial to the company as it increases efficiency and profitability because firms concentrate on profitable activities and products. Setting an activity-based system is costly and time-consuming. Extra costs are caused by the need to hire the services of a consultant with

Advantages of Good Agricultural Practices

Advantages of Good Agricultural Practices SWAGATA SETH Good Agricultural Practices History The U. S in 1998 issued a guidance under which the contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables and how to reduce it was given by Food and Drug Administration was there. (USDA, 2011). In 2002 GAP was established by the agengy which are existed so they donot require any reauthorization. ( National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, 2014) Good agricultural practices have main points of food safety with the points like harvesting, transportation of products and advice the grower to implement the general recommendation of adopted the best management practices( Sudheer Indria, 2007). Good agricultural practices are the practices which are used for the good economic conditions and also social conditions as well as it encompasses environment al issues for the commercialisation and good market value of horticultural and agricultural products also it tries to give good quality food which is healthier, safer, nutritious to the consumers( The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2012). Good agricultural practices also includes non-food products as well as processing foods. These practices make the food more safe from consumption point of view(Anonymous, 2008). Farming practices includes a very large scope of good agricultural practices at different at different levels. In these practices sustainable agriculture methods are also included(TNAU, 2015). Rules and regulations for the good agricultural practices includes a huge number of activities which may include from the product which are in the farm at cultivation stage, then it also includes the fields the polyhouses, type of fertilisers, seeds which is used then irrigation facilities, pesticides, composting, then interculture operations and then harvesting and also the process which are done outside the fields, like the processing of the products or the products may go through a long distributing channel which includes the middleman, producer and various agents, retailers upto the consumer that is the consumption point(Watts, 2012). Objectives Good agricultural practices needs to keep a proper record of the production process or the technologies which is required for processing or for harvesting of each crops for the areas which are very much good or important agricultural based and ecological regions, and to collect and then plan and the execute then the final process of distribution the knowledge in that major regions (ANONYMOUS, 2015). Good agricultural practices is required for the following reasons There may be contamination in the products which may be biological like fungi, bacteria, viruses, attack when the products are in the field or they are brought to home, although washing, cleaning and cooking can kill the pathogen but if consumed raw then harm can occur (Eaton Watson, 2012). Some of the important factors which should be keep in mind for Good agricultural practices. 1. Washing of products :- a)Â  Washing of products are necessary to remove the dust particles, chemicals, soil pathogen, microorganisms with fresh water( Srivastava Kumar, 2009). b) Clean and fresh water is necessary when tanks are used. Paddle conveyor washers and rotary machines are used for washing(Gupta, 2015). 2. Cleaning: cleaning is a practice where the unwanted materials are removed which may be the green, yellow brown, dead insects soggy parts of fruits or other undesirable items either by hand picking or mechanically( Sharma, 2009). 3. Sanitation:-is necessary to prevent the promotion of diseases from one item to another, also chlorine is used of 100-150 ppm to prevent the spread of pathogen( Kitinoja Kader, 2003). 4. Transportation:-highway trailers is oftenly used in transportation of fresh products ( Vigneault, 2015). It is an intregal part of post harvest handling and distribution is done through railway tracks, airplane, trucks. ventilation during the cool time in night and refrigrirated automobiles results in good preservation. ( Peter, 2009) 5. Manures:-By the process of exposing the manure to higher temperature and by aerobic compost method microbial attacks can be minisime. After applying the manure in the field cover it with some plastic cover or grasses or mulches to get rid from physical contamination(Ellis, 2004). 6. Water:- The draining facility and pesticides loss by running off should be checked and soil salinization should be checked. (Anonymous, 2015). By irrigation water contaminations can be there back to the fruits and vegetables and also surface water is more contaminated( Sudheer and Indira, 2007). Drip irrigation Should be restricted and it not only saves water pollution but also good quality of products can be achieved(Singha, 2013). 7. Equipment and Employee hygiene:-employee hygiene is very necessary as because many contaminations may take palce through this so proper handling of crops, hand washing equipments cleaniness, fresh dress, adequate washroom facilities, using soaps etc(Chapman, 2015). 8. Pesticides or herbicides: Some herbicide is having stimulatory effects on the plant pathogens and reduces or promotes the diseases severity. Proper understanding of effectiveness pattern of pesticides and effects with pathogen will give the proper use of pesticides( Devi, 1987). Surveillance and monitoring of pesticides residues should be recorded to keep the products free from contamination(Sudheer Indira, 2009). 9. Post harvest handling:-the things which are required after harvesting the crops like transportation, equipments, cold storage etc packaging materials(Jayachandhran, 2005). Flower life can be increased by adopting new technologies at right time, with proper length and storage technology, pulsing with sugar(Bhattacharjee, 1999). Application of calcium based chemicals increase the post harvest life reducimg the handling losses of crops by minimizing the rate of respiration(Jayachandaran, 2005). Benefits of Using GAP Proper adoption and managing of GAP increases the quality of the products and also raw foods, pr processed foods. this GAP also helps for sustainable agricultural and also the environment(Akkaya, Yalcin, 2015). Hurdels Of GAP There are many hurdles related to GAP like increases in production cost, because of keeping databases for various govt. Schemes which are available and the schemes and procedures which are followed in the farmers. The farmers do not know property about the various measures or step that should be taken as GAP and also about the Technologies( Tilman Kenneth, 2008 ). Conclusion So i have concluded that good agricultural practices are important for the most important thing that is human health followed by the ecocomic value of the products. And all the main factors should be always kept in mind as without this the possibility of contamination of food increases. Bibliography Akkaya, F and Yalcin, R. (2015). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Its Implementation in Turkey. University of Adonis, Antalya/Turkey. http://www. researchgate. net/profile/Burhan_Ozkan/publication/237651514_Good_Agricultural_Practices_(GAP)_and_Its_Implementation_in_Turkey/links/0046352da96b8c102e000000. pdf, retrieved on May 23. Anonymous. (2015). Good Agricultural Practices. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Good agricultural practice, retrieved on May 26. Bhatacharjee, S. K. (1999). ‘Post harvest management of cut flowers cut foliage and post production management of potted plant’. Journal of ornamental horticulture. Indian society of ornamental horticulture. Vol-15(12) Jan –June 2012, p-116. Chapman, B. (2015). Good Agricultural Practices for Small Diversified Farms Tips and Strategies to Reduce Risk and Pass an Audit. North Carolina State University and the Carolina Farm Stewardship Association. http://www. carolinafarmstewards. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/CFSA_GAPS-web. pdf, retrived on May 23. Devi, K. K. (1987). Effect of herbicides on growth of phytopathogeneic fungi in soil. Dept of Botany Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, pp 1-2. Eaton, J. (2007). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). University of Kentucky cooperative extension services. http://www. uky. edu/Ag/CCD/introsheets/gap. pdf, retrieved on May 24. Ellis. J. (2004). ‘On-farm Food Safety’: Guide to Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). Iowa extension university. https://store. extension. iastate. edu/Product/pm1974a-pdf, retrieved on May 22. FAO(2008). Good agricultural practices. http://www. fao. org/prods/gap/, retrived on May 22. Gupta, S. (2015). New development in technologies of fruits. In: food processing and agro based industries. EIRI project consultants and Publishers, Roop Nagar, New Delhi, p 110 Jayachandhran, K. S. (2005). ’Post harvest sprays of different sources of calcium to improve the shelf life of fruits’. Indian journal of horticulture. The horticulture society of india. Vol 62. no. 01. pp 66-70 Kitinoja, L and Kader, A. (2003). Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 8E. Small-Scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops (4th Edition). http://ucce. ucdavis. edu/files/datastore/234-1450. pdf, retrieved on May 23. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. (2014). Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices Audit verification programme. http://sustainableagriculture. net/publications/grassrootsguide/food-safety/good-agricultural-practices-and-good-handling-practices-audit-verification-program/, retrived on June 1. Peter, K. V. (2009). Post harvest management of fruits and vegetables. In: Basics of Horticulture. New India Publishing Agengy, Pitam Pura, New Delhi. pp 205 Sharma, A. (2009). Introduction. In :Textbook of food science and technology, International Book distributing co. Lucknow, U. P, pp 5-6 Singha, K. (2013). Evaluation of water requirement and level of fertigation on cabbage(brassica oleracea) green express with or nutitional black film mulch. Dept of Horticulture. Assam Agricultural university, pp 5-6 Sreevastava, R. P and Kumar, S. (2009). Canning and bottling of fruits and vegetables. In: Fruit and vegetables preservation principles and practices, International book Distribution Co, Lucknow, U. P, p 102 Sudheer, K. P and Indira. (2007). Quality of fresh and processed products. In:Post harvest technology of horticultural crops, Pitam Pura, New Delhi-110088, p 250 The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2012, Columbia Agriculture General. http://www. infoplease. com/encyclopedia/science/good-agricultural-practices. html /, retrived on May 2015. Tilman. D, et al. (2008). Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature international weekly journal of science doi:10. 1038/nature01014, pp 418, 671-677 TNAU Agriportal Publications: Good Agricultural Practices. (2014). http://agritech. tnau. ac. in/gap_gmp_glp/gap_about. html, retrieved on May 25. USDA, (2011). Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices Audit Verification Program. http://www. ams. usda. gov/AMSv1. 0/getfile?dDocName=stelprdc5097151, retrived on June 1. Vigneault, C. (2009). Transportation of fresh horticultural produce. Postharvest Technologies for Horticultural Crops, Vol. 2: : 978-81-308-0356-2, pp 1-24 Watts, C. (2012). Good agricultural practices and gap certification. Good agricultural practices. https://gillingsproject. wordpress. com/good-agricultural-practices-and-gap-certification/, retrieved on May 23.

Sexism in Film Essay example -- Film

In society, women are often perceived as the weaker sex, both physically and mentally. In modern times women have leveled the playing field between men and women, and feminism is a highly discussed topic, but for years, women faced discrimination and prejudice both in life and in the workplace, due to their sex. This way of thinking flooded into the world of film. In their works, the authors of each of the various sources address the limitations and liberations of women both on and off the screen in nineteenth century Film and Cinema. Not every source is completely filled with information related to the research topic, but they do cover and analyze many of the same points from different perspectives. Prominent points addressed in each source include the domination of the male voice in cinema, the presentation of women on screen, and society’s influence on the status of women roles in film. A common concept in a lot of the sources is that men dominate the film industry both onscreen and off. According to the article, Why There are no Women in the Movies, â€Å"men make the movies and the relationships and roles are molded according to the male viewpoint† (Yates 226). This, in relation to the other sources, is a very valid fact. Coinciding with his point, Hollywood Film Critic, Richard Corliss states in his TIME Magazine article, Calling Their Own Shots: Women Directors Make it in Hollywood, that â€Å"the guys ran things—as producers, directors, bosses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Men were behind the scenes, they decided what scripts got chosen to be made into films. They were the heads of production companies and producers of the films. Whatever they said†¦went. Men were not only in charge of what was going on onscreen, but they monopolized off-screen positions as we... ...e. â€Å"The Allure of the Predatory Woman in Fatal Attraction and Other Current American Movies.† Journal of Popular Culture 26.3 (Winter 1992): 47-57. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 March 2015. Mahar, Karen Ward. Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006. Print Pomerance, Murray, ed. Ladies and Gentlemen, Boys and Girls: Gender in Film at the End of the Twentieth Century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. Print. Quart, Barbara Koenig. Women Directors: The Emergence of a New Cinema. New York: Praeger, 1988. Print.. Segar, Linda. When Women Call The Shots: The Developing Power and Influence of Women in Television and Film. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996. Print. Yates, John. â€Å"Why There are no Women in the Movies.† Journal of Popular Film 4.3 (1975): 223-234. America: History & Life. Web. 13 March 2015.

The Role of Social Partnership

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP Rory O’Donnell From Studies, Volume 90, Number 357 1. Introduction Social partnership has been a conspicuous feature of Irish economic, social and political life in the past decade and a half. This paper assesses its role in Ireland’s economic transformation and considers what role it might have in the years to come. Section 2 outlines the analytical foundations of Irish partnership and Section 3 shows how these are reflected in the five partners hip programmes since 1987.Section 4 summarises the self-understanding of partnership as a system of bargaining, inclusion and deliberation. The impact of partnership on economic performance is discussed in section 5. The paper close with consideration of the pressures on partnership and its possible future. 2. The Analytical Foundations of Irish Social Partnership In 1990, the National Economic and Social Council (NESC) set out a framework which has informed its subsequent work, and which underlie s the social partners’ understanding of the process.It argued that there are three requirements for a consistent policy framework in a small, open, European democracy: (I) Macroeconomic: the economy must have a macroeconomic policy approach which guarantees low inflation and steady growth of aggregate demand; (ii) Distributional: there must be an evolution of incomes which ensures competitiveness, which handles distributional issues without disrupting the economy and which is fair; (iii) Structural: there must be a set of policies which facilitate and promote structural change in order to maintain competitiveness in an ever changing external environment.The Council argued that, in the Irish case, the first of these requirements is best met by adherence to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and transition to EMU. It argued that the second of these requirements is best met by a negotiated determination of incomes. To be really effective, such a negotiated approach must encompass not only the evolution of pay, but also taxation, the public finances, monetary policy, the main areas of public provision and social welfare.In pursuit of the third requirement, the Council advocated a programme of structural reform in taxation, social welfare, housing, industrial policy, manpower policy and the management of public enterprises. It argued that such reforms are best achieved with the consent and participation of those who work in the agencies and institutions concerned. The international orientation of Irish social partnership was further underlined in the 1996 NESC report Strategy into the 21st Century.While globalisation has undermined many elements of national economic policy, there remain areas where national policy remains crucial. In a small, open, European democracy like Ireland: (I) Most of the policies which affect national prosperity are supply-side policies; (ii) Given rapid economic change, national policies must produce flexibility; (iii) Succ essful national supply-side policies, directed towards innovation and competitiveness, depend on the high level social cohesion and co-operation that the state can both call upon and develop.This suggests that once a consensus on macroeconomic policy is in place, the main focus of policy should be on the supply-side measures that influence competitive advantage and social inclusion, and on institutional arrangements that allow discovery and implementation of such measures (NESC, 1996). 3. Five Social Partnership Agreements, 1987 to 2001 The content and process of social partnership has evolved significantly since 1987 (O’Donnell and O’Reardon, 1997, 2000).All five programmes included agreement between employers, unions and government on the rate of wage increase in both the private and public sectors for a three-year period. The exchange of moderate wage increases for tax reductions has remained an important feature of partnership. Beyond pay and tax, the partnership p rogrammes have contained agreement on an ever-increasing range of economic and social policies. A consistent theme has been the macroeconomic parameters of fiscal correction, the Maastricht criteria and transition to EMU. Another has been employment creation and the problem of long-term unemployment.The 1990 agreement led to the creation of local partnership companies—involving the social partners, the community and voluntary sector and state agencies—to design and implement a more co-ordinated, multi-dimensional, approach to social exclusion (Sabel, 1996; Walsh et al, 1998). While partnership began by addressing a critical central issue, looming insolvency an economic collapse, it has since focused more and more on a range of complex supply-side matters. An important feature of Irish social partnership has been the widening of the process beyond the traditional social partners.The National Economic and Social Forum (NESF) was established and membership of existing del iberative bodies (such as NESC) was widened to include representatives of the community and voluntary sector. The programmes negotiated in 1996 and 2000 involved representatives of the unemployed, women’s groups and others addressing social exclusion. Those agreements also included measures to promote partnership at enterprise level and agreement on action to modernise the public service. Using the consistent policy framework outlined in Section 2, we can identify a significant dual evolution of Irish social partnership.Over the five programmes since 1987, the emphasis has shifted from macroeconomic matters to structural and supply side policies, and the range of supply-side issues has widened to address key constraints on Irish growth, such as childcare and life-long learning. This change in the substance or content partnership has involved a parallel change in method. While macroeconomic strategy can be agreed in high-level negotiation, complex cross-cutting policies on soc ial exclusion, training, business development or childcare cannot be devised and implemented in high-level national deliberation or negotiation.Consequently, to address the growing list of supply-side issues there has been an expanding array of working groups, task-forces, ‘frameworks’ and ‘forums’—involving representatives of the various social partners. In a few areas of policy—such as long-term unemployment, rural and urban re-generation and business development—new institutional arrangements have been created involve actors on the ground. + 4. Beyond Bargaining: Deliberation and Problem Solving Shared analysis of economic and social problems and policies has been a key aspect of the partnership process.Indeed, that analysis has focused on the partnership system itself (NESC, 1996; NESF, 1997). This revealed that a distinction can be made between two conceptions, or dimensions, of partnership: 1. Functional interdependence, bargainin g and deal making. 2. Solidarity, inclusiveness and participation. Effective partnership involves both of these, but cannot be based entirely on either. To fall entirely into the first could be to validate the claim that the process simply reflects the power of the traditional social partners.To adopt a naive inclusivist view would risk reducing the process to a purely consultative one, in which all interests and groups merely voiced their views and demands. There is a third dimension of partnership, which transcends these two. ‘Bargaining’ or ‘negotiation’ describes a process in which each party comes with definite preferences and seeks to maximise its gains. But partnership involves the players in a process of deliberation that has the potential to shape and reshape their understanding, identity and preferences.This idea is implicit in NESC’s description of the process as ‘dependent on a shared understanding’, and ‘characterised by a problem-solving approach designed to produce consensus’. This third dimension has to be added to the hard-headed notion of bargaining (and to the idea of solidarity) to adequately capture the process. The key to the process would seem to be the adoption of ‘a problem-solving approach’. As one experienced social partner put it, ‘The society expects us to be problem-solving’. A notable feature of effective partnership experiments is that the partners do not debate their ultimate social visions.This problem-solving approach is a central aspect of the partnership process, and is critical to its effectiveness. This suggests that rather than being the pre-condition for partnership, consensus and shared understanding are more like an outcome. It is a remarkable, if not easily understood, fact that deliberation which is problem-solving and practical produces consensus, even where there are underlying conflicts of interest, and even where there was no sh ared understanding at the outset. It is also a fact that using that approach to produce a consensus in one area, facilitates use of the same approach in other areas.The key may lie in understanding what kind of consensus is produced when problem-solving deliberation is used. It is generally a provisional consensus to proceed with practical action, as if a certain analytical perspective was correct, while holding open the possibility of a review of goals, means and underlying analysis. The word compromise is inadequate to describe this type of agreement, since compromise so often fudges the issues that need to be addressed. A similar account of the elements and process of concertation has independently emerged in recent work on the ‘Dutch miracle’ (Visser and Hemerijck, 1997; Visser, 1998).Visser and Hemerijck draw attention to new combinations of centralisation and decentralisation, and emphasise the combination of interest-group dialogue and expert input which create a common definition of problems. This yielded a ‘problem-solving style of joint decision-making’, in which participants are ‘obliged to explain, give reasons and take responsibility for their decisions and strategies to each other, to their rank and file, and to the general public’ (Visser, 1998, p. 12). The institutions of concertation work where they facilitate shift from a ‘bargaining style’ to a ‘problem-solving style’.Visser considers that ‘the most interesting property of social cencertation lies in the possibility that interest groups redefine the content of their self-interested strategies in a â€Å"public-regarding† way’ (Visser, 1998, p. 13). 5. The Impact of Partnership on Economic Performance The period of social partnership has been one of unprecedented economic success in Ireland. The country not only escaped from the deep economic, social and political crisis of the 1980s, but may have significant ly addressed its long-term developmental problems of emigration, unemployment, trade deficits and weak indigenous business development.Under partnership, growth resumed, inflation continued to decline, the budget deficit fell sharply, employment began to recover, but unemployment initially stayed stubbornly high. The European recession of the early 1990s and the ERM crisis of 1992-93 interrupted Ireland’s recovery somewhat. Strong growth after 1993 produced a dramatic increase in employment, huge budget surpluses and, eventually, a big reduction in unemployment. The combination of economic growth, tax reductions, reduced interest rates and wage increases yielded a substantial increase in real take home pay.Between 1987 and 1999, the cumulative increase in real take home pay for a person on average manufacturing earnings was over 35 per cent. The performance of the Irish economy since the mid-1990s, was exceptionally strong, particularly in employment creation. Indeed, between 1994 and 1999, Ireland achieved a 28 per cent increase in employment, while the EU as a whole produced a 3 per cent increase. What role has partnership had in Ireland’s remarkable economic performance since 1987?The partnership approach would seem to have had a significant impact on the Irish economy, though three channels: wage bargaining, coherent and consistent macroeconomic policy and change in supply-side factors. Consider first the impact of the partnership approach to wage bargaining. One of the most striking features of Irish economic performance in the period of partnership has been the enhanced profitability of business. Lane demonstrates that the rate of return on capital almost doubled, rising from 8. 6 percent in 1987 to 15. 4 per cent in 1996.The sharp rise in profitability coincides with ‘the formation of a new consensus among the social partners, as formalised in the negotiation of a sequence of national agreements’, suggesting that ‘the in comes policy that lies at the heart of a new consensus is an important factor in explaining the income shift from labour to capital’ (Lane 1999, p. 228). The resulting environment of wage moderation and high profitability is almost certainly a key factor in Ireland’s employment creation, attraction of inward investment and the unprecedented commercial success of indigenous companies (see also Honohan, 1999; McHale, 2000).FitzGerald’s econometric study of the Irish labour market leads him to suggest that the ‘impact of the partnership approach to wage formation has been less significant than many have assumed’, since ‘the partnership approach served more to validate the results which market forces had made inevitable’ (1999. p. 160 and p. 162). The main impact of partnership lay in improved industrial relations, which significantly enhanced economic performance, and the fact that ‘the partnership approach has also contributed to a more coherent approach to economic policy making’ (FitzGerald, 2000, p. 42).This brings us to the second channel through which partnership influenced the economy. In macroeconomic terms, partnership was an important element in Ireland’s transition form a high-inflation, volatile and conflictual economy to a low-inflation, stable, economy. In particular, a shared understanding on the position of the Irish economy took the exchange rate, and therefore inflation, outside day-to-day party political competition and industrial relations conflict. This can be contrasted with an approach in which short-termism ruled in economic policy, business decisions and wage setting.Through much of the post war period, that led the UK to short bursts of economic growth, followed by recessions imposed in order to reduce inflation. Ireland’s experiment since 1987, partly inoculated it from the unsuccessful combination of macro policy and income determination pursued in Britain for ma ny years. Ireland finally escaped the most negative effects of Britain’s political business cycle. As a result, it achieved low and predictable inflation combined with strong growth of output and employment.It has also preserved a higher level of social solidarity, which seems an essential pre-requisite to sustaining redistributive policies and addressing issues of structural change and reform in a non-conflictual way. Ray MacSharry, Minister of Finance during the critical period of fiscal correction, considers that ‘social partnership could well be regarded as the crowning achievement of the Celtic Tiger economy’ (MacSharry and White, 2000, p. 144). The third channel of influence on the economy is a supply-side mechanism.This arose because there would seem to be a close connection between settling major macroeconomic and distributional issues, on the one hand, and constructive engagement with supply-side problems, on the other. Closing-off macroeconomic alternat ives freed management, union, community and government energies for discussion of real issues that impact on competitiveness and social inclusion—corporate strategy, technical change, training, working practices, the commercialisation of state-owned enterprises, taxation, local re-generation, active labour market policy—and forced (almost) all to engage in realistic discussion of change.During the period of Partnership 2000, the Irish economy has been in virtuous circle. Wage restraint has enhanced competitiveness, which has been converted into employment growth. This in turn has generated additional tax revenues which have been used to reduce direct taxes and hence underpin wage moderation. Indeed, the success of the 1990s has been so great that the constraints on Irish growth now consist of infrastructural bottlenecks and labour shortages, something I discuss in Section 6. It would clearly be inaccurate to attribute all the success of the Irish economy to social part nership.Partnership enhanced competitiveness, assisted fiscal correction, produced consensus and stability in economic policy, and increased flexibility in both public policy and enterprises. This created the context within which Ireland’s long-term developmental strategy finally achieved its potential. That strategy involved heavy investment in education, particularly in information technology, attraction of inward investment and full participation in European integration (O’Donnell, 2000). The ‘Celtic Tiger’ of the 1990s resulted from the interaction of partnership with a set of supply-side characteristics that nhanced international competitiveness and encouraged fast economic growth. These included a young, well-educated, English-speaking workforce, improved infrastructure (funded by both the EU and the Irish state), an inflow of leading US enterprises (attracted by both Irish conditions and the deepening European market), a new population of Irish ente rprises (free of the debilitating weaknesses of the past and open to new organisational patterns), and de-regulation of the service sectors (driven by the completion of the Euroean internal market).The completion of the European internal market internal was a most important factor in the recovery and re-orientation of the Irish economy. One possible limit of consensus is the difficulty of undertaking radical action which disrupts entrenched interests in protected parts of both the public and private sector. While social partnership stabilised the economy, European integration produced a steady pressure to make public utilities and services more efficient, consumer-oriented and independent of state subsidy or protection+.Thus, Ireland benefited from an unusual, but benign, combination of institutionalised co-ordinated of the key economic actors and pressure for market conformity (O’Donnell, 2000). While the evolution of Irish economic policy in the past fourteen years has been marked by a high level of consensus—between the social partners and across the political spectrum—the more liberal and orthodox economists have stood outside the consensus.Their opposition, negligible in policy terms but influential in academia and the media, is both to the substance of the prevailing consensus and to the idea and value of consensus itself. Some have objected to the politicisation of industrial relations because they believe it adds to the bargaining power of trade unionism. Others have argued that the social partners are ‘insiders’, whose pay and conditions have been protected at the expense of ‘outsiders who would work for less’, and that social partnership has had the effect of ‘raising the level of unemployment and emigration’ (Walsh and Leddin, 1992).In a recent historical review of Irish development, Haughton says ‘It was fortunate that the wage agreements have coincided with rapid economic growth, be cause the agreements create considerable rigidity in the labour market’ (Haughton, 1998, p. 37). An aspect of the strategy that has particularly provoked orthodox and neo-liberal economists is EMU. Opposition to the negotiated approach to economic and social management is combined, in almost all cases, with a strong attachment to sterling rather than the euro (e. g Neary and Thom, 1997). 6.The Future of Social Partnership Given pressure on the wage agreement of the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness (PPF), many are asking ‘can partnership survive? It seems more useful to consider what is now required in the three elements of the consistent policy framework—macroeconomic, distribution and structural change—and to ask what role partnership has in facilitating the necessary policies. Adopting that approach, it is clear that structural issues are urgent and the distributional settlement in place since 1987 is under pressure.The future of partnership revolve s around these two. The urgency of structural and supply-side issues was recognised in the PPF. Rapid growth has led to bottlenecks in housing, labour supply, childcare, health, transport, telecommunications, electricity generation and waste management. While the primary goal of partnership had been fiscal correction and employment creation, public policy must now aim to increase living standards, enhance the quality of life, achieve infrastructural investment and lay the economic and social foundations for long-term prosperity.Both short term sustainability and long-term prosperity and social cohesion, require a radical improvement in the level, quality and range of services. Does partnership have a role in achieving these structural and supply-side changes? The key to answering this question lies in recognising that many of these require fundamental change in public administration and the organisation of working life. This suggests a first role for social partnership: it can help to create a new national consensus for organisational change and continuous improvement.The experience of the past shows that the partners’ strategic overview—if persuasive, oriented to the wider good and genuinely problem-solving—can been a critical element in achieving major change in Irish policy. Without a strong consensus on organisational change, pay issues (which do require attention) are likely to crowd out issues of service and organisational capability. In a consensus-oriented system, it is necessary to mobilise consensus to overcome veto points that systems of consultation can create.But the solution of many of these structural and supply-side problems cannot be found in high-level deliberation and bargaining alone. While government is critical, it cannot on its own design and provide the necessary services. We require examination of the content, delivery, monitoring and evaluation of public policy and services. This recasting of public policy must in clude reconsideration of the roles of central departments, agencies, professionals, branch offices and citizens in setting goals, delivering services and monitoring performance (O’Donnell and Teague, 2000).This suggests a second role for social partnership: government, its agencies and the social partners can jointly work out how certain supply-side services can best be provided. But it also demands that the evolution in the method of partnership—from high-level negotiation to multi-level problem solving—be taken much further, to include organisations on the ground and citizens in problem solving and policy design. It is clear that the distributional element of the partnership framework is also under considerable stress and requires re-examination and probably revision.Indeed, it looks likely that all three elements of the distributional settlement require reconsideration: wage bargaining, public sector pay determination and social inclusion and the social wage. The pressure on these arrangements is largely a reflection of the dramatic change in the size and structure of the economy, the new approaches adopted within firms and changing patterns of social and family life. Some argue that in the face these pressures we should abandon the partnership approach and leave the distributional issues to be determined in a completely decentralised way.This ignores a number of co-ordination problems which can hamper economic performance and lead to unfair outcomes. Fully decentralised pay determination, combined with no consensus on tax and public expenditure, can lead to over-shooting and inconsistent claims on the output of the economy. This would cause a loss of competitiveness and employment and leave the weakest most vulnerable. With or without a single national wage norm, Ireland must find an approach to distribution which avoids these problems.While partnership began in an attempt to rescue the Irish economy, society and politics from the deep crisis of the 1980s, its development through the 1990s suggests that it should be seen as a part of the dramatic opening, Europeanisation, commercialisation and democratisation of Irish society. Since the destination of the society is unknown, so partnership must take new forms, provided it can continue to anticipate and help solve the problems that change throws up. REFERENCES FitzGerald, J. 1999) ‘Wage Formation and the Labour Market’, in F. Barry ed. Understanding Ireland’s Economic Growth, Macmillan, London. Haughton, J. (1998) ‘The dynamics of economic change’, in W. Crotty and D. Schmitt, Ireland and the Politics of Change, Longman, London. Honohan, P. (1999) ‘Fiscal and Monetary Policy Adjustment’, in F. Barry ed. Understanding Ireland’s Economic Growth, Macmillan, London. Lane, P. (1998) ‘Profits and wages in Ireland, 1987-1996’, Journal of the Social and Statistical Society, Vol XXVII, Part V. MacSharry, R. and White, P. 2000) The making of the Celtic Tiger: the Inside Story of Ireland’s Boom Economy. Cork: Mercier Press. McHale, J. (2000) ‘Options for Inflation Control in the Irish Economy’, Quarterly Economic Commentary, September 2000. Neary, J. P. and Thom, R. (1997) ‘Punts, Pounds and Euros: in Search of an optimum Currency Area’, mimeo, University College Dublin. NESC, (1990) A Strategy for the Nineties: Economic Stability and Structural Change, Dublin: National Economic and Social Council, NESC, (1996) ‘Strategy into the 21st Century, Dublin, National Economic and Social CouncilNESF, (1997) A Framework for Partnership: Enriching Strategic Consensus through Participation, Dublin: National Economic and Social Forum. O’Donnell, R. (1998) ‘Ireland’s Economic Transformation: Industrial Policy, European Integration and Social Partnership’, University of Pittsburgh, Working Paper No. 2. O’Donnell, R. (2000) Ã¢â‚¬Ë œThe New Ireland in the New Europe’, in R. O’Donnell ed. Europe—the Irish Experience. Dublin: Institute of European Affairs. O’Donnell, R. and C. O’Reardon, (1997) ‘Ireland’s Experiment in Social partnership 1987-96’, in Giusseppe Fajertag and Phillipe Pochet (eds. Social Pacts in Europe, Brussels: European Trade Union Institute, 1997 O’Donnell, R. and C. O’Reardon, (2000) ‘Social partnership in Ireland’s Economic Transformation’, in Giusseppe Fajertag and Phillipe Pochet (eds. ) Social Pacts in Europe—New Dynamics, Brussels: European Trade Union Institute. O’Donnell, R. and Teague, P. (2000) Partnership at Work in Ireland: An Evaluation of Progress Under Partnership 2000. Dublin: The Stationery Office. Sabel, C. F. (1996) Ireland: Local Development and Social Innovation, Paris: OECD, 1996Visser, J. (1998) ‘Concertation—the Art of Making Social Pacts’ paper pres ented at Notre Europe/ETUI seminar on ‘National Social Pacts’, Brussels, June 10th, 1998. Visser. , J. and A. Hemerijck (1997) ‘A Dutch Miracle: Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands’ Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press Walsh B. and Leddin A. (1992) The Macroeconomy of Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. Walsh, J. , Craig, S. and McCafferty, D. (1998) Local Partnerships for Social Inclusion? , Dublin: Oak Tree Press.